. Relevant UNIX History
• Evolution of Modern UNIX
◦ MULTIX
◦ UNIX Toolbox
◦ SVR4 and BSD
◦ Commercial UNIXes
• Four Major Influences
• Appearance of Linux
◦ MINUX
◦ Gnu
◦ Original Purpose of Linux
◦ What is Linux?
◦ What is the Kernel?
◦ What are the Major Designs? (SVR4, BSP, MACH, Linux)
◦ What is the Distribution?
◦ What are KDE and GNOME?
◦ Why so Many Distributions?
◦ Gnu Public License (GPL)
◦ Commercial Distributions
• Hidden UNIX/Linux
◦ Apple’s Commitment to UNIX
◦ IBM’s, Microsoft’s, and Oracle’s Commitments to LINUX
◦ CIFS, SAMBA, and NAS
◦ Routers, Switches, and Others
◦ Consumer Electronics
• Lookalikes
◦ CYGWIN
2. UNIX Interfaces
• Fundamental Concepts
◦ Fair and Secure Resource Sharing
◦ The Kernel
◦ Root
◦ Users
◦ Resources
▪ Memory
▪ CPU
▪ Files
◦ The Shell
▪ Provides Command-Line User Interface
▪ Interprets Commands
▪ Provides Programming Language
▪ Varieties of Shells: sh,ksh;bash;csh,tsh;zsh
◦ Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• x Windows
• CDE
• Using the Shell
◦ The 1s Command
▪ The 1s Command with Options
▪ The 1s Command with Arguments
▪ Using the 1s Command to Demonstrate Command-Line Syntax
▪ Using the 1s Command to Demonstrate Variation in UNIX
◦ The id Command
◦ The top Command
◦ The pseudo Command
◦ Changing Run Level to GUI Mode
• Using the GUI
◦ Finding the Text Editor
◦ Finding the Command Shell
3. Getting Help
• Customizing Google
• Choosing the Paginator
◦ Navigation
◦ Searching
• Manual Pages
◦ Man Page Sections
◦ The man Command
◦ Keyword Search
◦ Dissecting a Man Page
• Linux info Command
4. UNIX File Structure
• Hierarchical Directory Structure
◦ One Root Directory, Hard Drives Hidden from Users
◦ Rules for Naming Files
▪ Names Completely Independent of File Content or Usage
▪ Exception: Hidden Files
▪ No Limits on Path Depth or Length
◦ Types of Files
▪ Plain File
▪ Directories
▪ Symbolic Links
▪ Block Devices
▪ Character Devices
▪ Name Pipes
▪ Sockets
• Simple View of Files and Directories
◦ Telling the Difference, 1s
◦ Where Am I: pwd
◦ Moving Around: cd
◦ Viewing Files: cat
◦ When Am I: date
5. More Detailed Look at File and Directory Structure
• Directories
• Common UNIX Directories and Their Uses
◦ /tmp
◦ /usr/bin
◦ /usr/lib
◦ /proc
◦ /etc
◦ /var
• Your HOME Directory
• Your PATH
• The Difference between Relative and Absolute Pathnames
• Special Directory Names
◦ “.”
◦ “..”
◦ “~”
◦ “-”
• File Details
◦ The file Command
◦ The od Command
• Revisiting the 1s and cd Commands
◦ Determining File Attributes with 1s -1
◦ Using the cd Command with Relative and Absolute Pathnames
6. File Attributes Part 1: File Creation, File Ownership, and Links
• The touch Command
◦ Creating Files
◦ Modifying Timestamps
◦ Inodes
• File Ownership
◦ User and Group Ownership
◦ Password, Group, and Shadow Files
◦ The chon and change group Commands
• Hard and Soft Links
◦ Inodes and Data Blocks
◦ The 1n Command
◦ Practical Uses
7. File Attributes Part 2: File Permissions
• File Permissions Types
◦ Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
◦ Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
◦ Access Control Lists (ACL)
• Standard File Permissions (DAC)
◦ Read, Write, Execute
◦ Permissions on a File
◦ Permissions on a Directory
• The chmod Command
◦ Symbolic Mode
◦ Numeric Mode
• Default Permissions and the umask Command
8. Manipulating Files
• Copying Files
• Moving Files
• Removing Files
• Archiving Files with tar
• Compressing Files with gzip
9. Editing Files
• Survey of Available Editors
◦ pico
◦ vi
◦ vim
◦ gedit
◦ emacs
◦ xemacs
• vim
◦ Ten Commands to be Functional
◦ Seventeen Commands to be Advanced
◦ Looking like an Expert
◦ The .exrc and .vimrc Files
• Basics of gedit
10. Processes
• Basic Definitions
◦ Processes
◦ Threads
◦ Linux: UNIX Differences
◦ Kernel Threads
◦ Daemons
◦ Child Processes
• The ps Command
◦ Viewing Your Processes
◦ Viewing All Processes
◦ Viewing a Given User’s Processes
• The pstree Command
• The pgrep Command
11. Revisiting the Shell
• Wildcards also known as Globbing
◦ [],*,?,[!]
◦ Use with Commands
◦ Hidden File Exceptions
• Shell Variables
◦ Displaying
◦ Setting
◦ Exporting
◦ Using in Commands
◦ Using to Change Default Behavior
• Quoting Special Characters
• Command-Line Shortcuts
◦ File Completion
◦ Command Completion
◦ Command History
◦ Repeating Commands
12. Login and Logout Files
• Different Shells, Different Files
• What the System Administrator Sets for You
• Modifying Your Profile
◦ Setting Your Umask
◦ Setting Your Path
◦ Setting Your Own Variables
◦ Aliases
◦ Setting Options, such as noclobber
◦ Defining Functions
• Sourcing Your Profile
• The “.forward” File
13. Scripting: Your First Shell Script
• Basic Commands
◦ The shbang Line
◦ Comments
◦ White Space
◦ The echo Command
◦ The read Command
• Advanced Concepts
◦ Command-Line Substitution
◦ logname
• Changing Permissions
• Pathing Options and How to Run Your Shell Script
14. Standard In, Standard Out, and Standard Error
• Redirecting Standard Out and Standard Error
• Redirecting Both Standard Output and Standard Error to Same Place
• Throwing Away Unwanted Output with /dev/null
• Appending as Opposed to clobbering
• Preventing File Destruction with noclobber
• Piping
◦ Piping to Standard In
◦ Multiple Pipes
◦ The tee Command
◦ Advanced Piping Features
◦ Piping Standard Error
◦ Xargs
• Real-World Example, Part 1
◦ Write a Silent Ping
15. Scripting: Conditional Execution
• Exit Status
◦ Zero Success
◦ Displaying Exit Status
• Four Ways to Test
◦ “||” and “&&”
◦ The “test” Command
◦ “[ ]”
◦ “[[ ]]”
• What to Test On
◦ File Test
◦ Permission Test
◦ Numeric Test
◦ String Comparisons
◦ Test Number of Arguments Given a Script
• Structured if Statement
◦ if,then,fi
◦ elif,then
• Real-World Example, Part 2
◦ Using ping to Determine if a Machine is on the Network
16. Scripting: Looping
• A for Loop
◦ Looping over a Set Number of Items
◦ Looping over an Unknown Number of Items
◦ Looping over all the Arguments in a Script
• A while Loop
◦ Looping over all the Arguments in a Script
◦ Looping over a Numeric Range
◦ Infinite Loops
• Until Loops
• The seq Command
• Abnormal Loop Termination
◦ Continue
◦ Break
• Real-World Example, Part 3
◦ Loop Pinging all Addresses in a Subnet
17. File System Tools
• Find: Finding Files Based on Their Attributes
◦ Basic Syntax
◦ Using Name and Globbing
◦ Remembering Quoting
◦ Using Type, Time, Size
◦ Using find to Execute Commands
◦ “-newer”
• Locate
• Disk Usage (du)
• Display Free Disk Space (df)
18. Regular Expressions
• Purpose of Regular Expressions
• Table of Regular Expressions
• Regular Expressions Modifying other Regular Expressions
• Numerical Qualifiers on Regular Expressions
• Table of Extended Regular Expressions
• Real-World Example, Part 4
◦ Despamming E-mail Feeds
19. Filters
• The grep Family
◦ fgrep
◦ grep
◦ egrep
• Word Count (wc)
• Sort
◦ UNIX version
◦ Linux version
• Intro to awk, sed, Perl, Python
• Finishing the Real-World Example, Part 5
◦ Compiling an Ordered, Sorted Unique List of All Machines on the Subnet
20. Processes
• Backgrounding and Foregrounding Processes with bg and fg
• Scheduling a Process to Execute Once with “at”
• Scheduling a Process to Execute Repeatedly with “chron”
• The kill and pkill Commands
• The proc File System
◦ Viewing System-Wide Information
◦ Viewing Process-Specific Information